File: //proc/self/root/proc/self/root/opt/alt/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/paste/httpheaders.pyc
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HTTP Message Header Fields (see RFC 4229)
This contains general support for HTTP/1.1 message headers [1]_ in a
manner that supports WSGI ``environ`` [2]_ and ``response_headers``
[3]_. Specifically, this module defines a ``HTTPHeader`` class whose
instances correspond to field-name items. The actual field-content for
the message-header is stored in the appropriate WSGI collection (either
the ``environ`` for requests, or ``response_headers`` for responses).
Each ``HTTPHeader`` instance is a callable (defining ``__call__``)
that takes one of the following:
- an ``environ`` dictionary, returning the corresponding header
value by according to the WSGI's ``HTTP_`` prefix mechanism, e.g.,
``USER_AGENT(environ)`` returns ``environ.get('HTTP_USER_AGENT')``
- a ``response_headers`` list, giving a comma-delimited string for
each corresponding ``header_value`` tuple entries (see below).
- a sequence of string ``*args`` that are comma-delimited into
a single string value: ``CONTENT_TYPE("text/html","text/plain")``
returns ``"text/html, text/plain"``
- a set of ``**kwargs`` keyword arguments that are used to create
a header value, in a manner dependent upon the particular header in
question (to make value construction easier and error-free):
``CONTENT_DISPOSITION(max_age=CONTENT_DISPOSITION.ONEWEEK)``
returns ``"public, max-age=60480"``
Each ``HTTPHeader`` instance also provides several methods to act on
a WSGI collection, for removing and setting header values.
``delete(collection)``
This method removes all entries of the corresponding header from
the given collection (``environ`` or ``response_headers``), e.g.,
``USER_AGENT.delete(environ)`` deletes the 'HTTP_USER_AGENT' entry
from the ``environ``.
``update(collection, *args, **kwargs)``
This method does an in-place replacement of the given header entry,
for example: ``CONTENT_LENGTH(response_headers,len(body))``
The first argument is a valid ``environ`` dictionary or
``response_headers`` list; remaining arguments are passed on to
``__call__(*args, **kwargs)`` for value construction.
``apply(collection, **kwargs)``
This method is similar to update, only that it may affect other
headers. For example, according to recommendations in RFC 2616,
certain Cache-Control configurations should also set the
``Expires`` header for HTTP/1.0 clients. By default, ``apply()``
is simply ``update()`` but limited to keyword arguments.
This particular approach to managing headers within a WSGI collection
has several advantages:
1. Typos in the header name are easily detected since they become a
``NameError`` when executed. The approach of using header strings
directly can be problematic; for example, the following should
return ``None`` : ``environ.get("HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGES")``
2. For specific headers with validation, using ``__call__`` will
result in an automatic header value check. For example, the
_ContentDisposition header will reject a value having ``maxage``
or ``max_age`` (the appropriate parameter is ``max-age`` ).
3. When appending/replacing headers, the field-name has the suggested
RFC capitalization (e.g. ``Content-Type`` or ``ETag``) for
user-agents that incorrectly use case-sensitive matches.
4. Some headers (such as ``Content-Type``) are 0, that is,
only one entry of this type may occur in a given set of
``response_headers``. This module knows about those cases and
enforces this cardinality constraint.
5. The exact details of WSGI header management are abstracted so
the programmer need not worry about operational differences
between ``environ`` dictionary or ``response_headers`` list.
6. Sorting of ``HTTPHeaders`` is done following the RFC suggestion
that general-headers come first, followed by request and response
headers, and finishing with entity-headers.
7. Special care is given to exceptional cases such as Set-Cookie
which violates the RFC's recommendation about combining header
content into a single entry using comma separation.
A particular difficulty with HTTP message headers is a categorization
of sorts as described in section 4.2:
Multiple message-header fields with the same field-name MAY be
present in a message if and only if the entire field-value for
that header field is defined as a comma-separated list [i.e.,
#(values)]. It MUST be possible to combine the multiple header
fields into one "field-name: field-value" pair, without changing
the semantics of the message, by appending each subsequent
field-value to the first, each separated by a comma.
This creates three fundamentally different kinds of headers:
- Those that do not have a #(values) production, and hence are
singular and may only occur once in a set of response fields;
this case is handled by the ``_SingleValueHeader`` subclass.
- Those which have the #(values) production and follow the
combining rule outlined above; our ``_MultiValueHeader`` case.
- Those which are multi-valued, but cannot be combined (such as the
``Set-Cookie`` header due to its ``Expires`` parameter); or where
combining them into a single header entry would cause common
user-agents to fail (``WWW-Authenticate``, ``Warning``) since
they fail to handle dates even when properly quoted. This case
is handled by ``_MultiEntryHeader``.
Since this project does not have time to provide rigorous support
and validation for all headers, it does a basic construction of
headers listed in RFC 2616 (plus a few others) so that they can
be obtained by simply doing ``from paste.httpheaders import *``;
the name of the header instance is the "common name" less any
dashes to give CamelCase style names.
.. [1] http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec4.html#sec4.2
.. [2] http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0333.html#environ-variables
.. [3] http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0333.html#the-start-response-callable
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a CGI ``environ`` variable as described by WSGI
This is a helper object so that standard WSGI ``environ`` variables
can be extracted w/o syntax error possibility.
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an HTTP header
HTTPHeader instances represent a particular ``field-name`` of an
HTTP message header. They do not hold a field-value, but instead
provide operations that work on is corresponding values. Storage
of the actual field values is done with WSGI ``environ`` or
``response_headers`` as appropriate. Typically, a sub-classes that
represent a specific HTTP header, such as _ContentDisposition, are
0. Once constructed the HTTPHeader instances themselves
are immutable and stateless.
For purposes of documentation a "container" refers to either a
WSGI ``environ`` dictionary, or a ``response_headers`` list.
Member variables (and correspondingly constructor arguments).
``name``
the ``field-name`` of the header, in "common form"
as presented in RFC 2616; e.g. 'Content-Type'
``category``
one of 'general', 'request', 'response', or 'entity'
``version``
version of HTTP (informational) with which the header should
be recognized
``sort_order``
sorting order to be applied before sorting on
field-name when ordering headers in a response
Special Methods:
``__call__``
The primary method of the HTTPHeader instance is to make
it a callable, it takes either a collection, a string value,
or keyword arguments and attempts to find/construct a valid
field-value
``__lt__``
This method is used so that HTTPHeader objects can be
sorted in a manner suggested by RFC 2616.
``__str__``
The string-value for instances of this class is
the ``field-name``.
Primary Methods:
``delete()``
remove the all occurrences (if any) of the given
header in the collection provided
``update()``
replaces (if they exist) all field-value items
in the given collection with the value provided
``tuples()``
returns a set of (field-name, field-value) tuples
5 for extending ``response_headers``
Custom Methods (these may not be implemented):
``apply()``
similar to ``update``, but with two differences; first,
only keyword arguments can be used, and second, specific
sub-classes may introduce side-effects
``parse()``
converts a string value of the header into a more usable
form, such as time in seconds for a date header, etc.
The collected versions of initialized header instances are immediately
registered and accessible through the ``get_header`` function. Do not
inherit from this directly, use one of ``_SingleValueHeader``,
``_MultiValueHeader``, or ``_MultiEntryHeader`` as appropriate.
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build header value from keyword arguments
This method is used to build the corresponding header value when
keyword arguments (or no arguments) were provided. The result
should be a sequence of values. For example, the ``Expires``
header takes a keyword argument ``time`` (e.g. time.time()) from
which it returns a the corresponding date.
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convert raw header value into more usable form
This method invokes ``values()`` with the arguments provided,
parses the header results, and then returns a header-specific
data structure corresponding to the header. For example, the
``Expires`` header returns seconds (as returned by time.time())
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update the collection /w header value (may have side effects)
This method is similar to ``update`` only that usage may result
in other headers being changed as recommended by the corresponding
specification. The return value is defined by the particular
sub-class. For example, the ``_CacheControl.apply()`` sets the
``Expires`` header in addition to its normal behavior.
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construct a new ``HTTPHeader`` instance
We use the ``__new__`` operator to ensure that only one
``HTTPHeader`` instance exists for each field-name, and to
register the header so that it can be found/enumerated.
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sort header instances as specified by RFC 2616
Re-define sorting so that general headers are first, followed
by request/response headers, and then entity headers. The
list.sort() methods use the less-than operator for this purpose.
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find/construct field-value(s) for the given header
Resolution is done according to the following arguments:
- If only keyword arguments are given, then this is equivalent
to ``compose(**kwargs)``.
- If the first (and only) argument is a dict, it is assumed
to be a WSGI ``environ`` and the result of the corresponding
``HTTP_`` entry is returned.
- If the first (and only) argument is a list, it is assumed
to be a WSGI ``response_headers`` and the field-value(s)
for this header are collected and returned.
- In all other cases, the arguments are collected, checked that
they are string values, possibly verified by the header's
logic, and returned.
At this time it is an error to provide keyword arguments if args
is present (this might change). It is an error to provide both
a WSGI object and also string arguments. If no arguments are
provided, then ``compose()`` is called to provide a default
value for the header; if there is not default it is an error.
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converts ``values()`` into a string value
This method converts the results of ``values()`` into a string
value for common usage. By default, it is asserted that only
one value exists; if you need to access all values then either
call ``values()`` directly, or inherit ``_MultiValueHeader``
which overrides this method to return a comma separated list of
values as described by section 4.2 of RFC 2616.
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removes all occurances of the header from the collection provided
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updates the collection with the provided header value
This method replaces (in-place when possible) all occurrences of
the given header with the provided value. If no value is
provided, this is the same as ``remove`` (note that this case
can only occur if the target is a collection w/o a corresponding
header value). The return value is the new header value (which
could be a list for ``_MultiEntryHeader`` instances).
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a ``HTTPHeader`` with exactly a single value
This is the default behavior of ``HTTPHeader`` where returning a
the string-value of headers via ``__call__`` assumes that only
a single value exists.
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a ``HTTPHeader`` with one or more values
The field-value for these header instances is is allowed to be more
than one value; whereby the ``__call__`` method returns a comma
separated list as described by section 4.2 of RFC 2616.
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a multi-value ``HTTPHeader`` where items cannot be combined with a comma
This header is multi-valued, but the values should not be combined
with a comma since the header is not in compliance with RFC 2616
(Set-Cookie due to Expires parameter) or which common user-agents do
not behave well when the header values are combined.
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find the given ``HTTPHeader`` instance
This function finds the corresponding ``HTTPHeader`` for the
``name`` provided. So that python-style names can be used,
underscores are converted to dashes before the lookup.
R* R) s '%s' is an unknown header( R7 R R4 RM R8 R< R. ( R- R# t retval( ( sB /opt/alt/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/paste/httpheaders.pyR s -
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sort headers as suggested by RFC 2616
This alters the underlying response_headers to use the common
name for each header; as well as sorting them with general
headers first, followed by request/response headers, then
entity headers, and unknown headers last.
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handle date-based headers
This extends the ``_SingleValueHeader`` object with specific
treatment of time values:
- It overrides ``compose`` to provide a sole keyword argument
``time`` which is an offset in seconds from the current time.
- A ``time`` method is provided which parses the given value
and returns the current time value.
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Cache-Control, RFC 2616 14.9 (use ``CACHE_CONTROL``)
This header can be constructed (using keyword arguments), by
first specifying one of the following mechanisms:
``public``
if True, this argument specifies that the
response, as a whole, may be cashed.
``private``
if True, this argument specifies that the response, as a
whole, may be cashed; this implementation does not support
the enumeration of private fields
``no_cache``
if True, this argument specifies that the response, as a
whole, may not be cashed; this implementation does not
support the enumeration of private fields
In general, only one of the above three may be True, the other 2
must then be False or None. If all three are None, then the cache
is assumed to be ``public``. Following one of these mechanism
specifiers are various modifiers:
``no_store``
indicates if content may be stored on disk;
otherwise cache is limited to memory (note:
users can still save the data, this applies
to intermediate caches)
``max_age``
the maximum duration (in seconds) for which
the content should be cached; if ``no-cache``
is specified, this defaults to 0 seconds
``s_maxage``
the maximum duration (in seconds) for which the
content should be allowed in a shared cache.
``no_transform``
specifies that an intermediate cache should
not convert the content from one type to
another (e.g. transform a BMP to a PNG).
``extensions``
gives additional cache-control extensions,
such as items like, community="UCI" (14.9.6)
The usage of ``apply()`` on this header has side-effects. As
recommended by RFC 2616, if ``max_age`` is provided, then then the
``Expires`` header is also calculated for HTTP/1.0 clients and
proxies (this is done at the time ``apply()`` is called). For
``no-cache`` and for ``private`` cases, we either do not want the
response cached or do not want any response accidently returned to
other users; so to prevent this case, we set the ``Expires`` header
to the time of the request, signifying to HTTP/1.0 transports that
the content isn't to be cached. If you are using SSL, your
communication is already "private", so to work with HTTP/1.0
browsers over SSL, consider specifying your cache as ``public`` as
the distinction between public and private is moot.
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Content-Type, RFC 2616 section 14.17
Unlike other headers, use the CGI variable instead.
s 1.0t CONTENT_TYPEs application/octet-streams
text/plains text/htmls text/xmlc C sy | s< | d k r d } q< | r) | s/ t � | j f Sn | sK d } n d | | f } | rr | d | 7} n | f S( Nt plaint htmlt xmlt textt *s %s/%ss ; charset=%s( R� R� R� ( R. t UNKNOWN( R t majort minort charsetRG ( ( sB /opt/alt/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/paste/httpheaders.pyR s
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Content-Length, RFC 2616 section 14.13
Unlike other headers, use the CGI variable instead.
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Content-Disposition, RFC 2183 (use ``CONTENT_DISPOSITION``)
This header can be constructed (using keyword arguments),
by first specifying one of the following mechanisms:
``attachment``
if True, this specifies that the content should not be
shown in the browser and should be handled externally,
even if the browser could render the content
``inline``
exclusive with attachment; indicates that the content
should be rendered in the browser if possible, but
otherwise it should be handled externally
Only one of the above 2 may be True. If both are None, then
the disposition is assumed to be an ``attachment``. These are
distinct fields since support for field enumeration may be
added in the future.
``filename``
the filename parameter, if any, to be reported; if
this is None, then the current object's filename
attribute is used
The usage of ``apply()`` on this header has side-effects. If
filename is provided, and Content-Type is not set or is
'application/octet-stream', then the mimetypes.guess is used to
upgrade the Content-Type setting.
c C s� g } | t k r/ | s t � | j d � n | s< t � | j d � | r� d | k sa t � | j d � d } | j d � d } | j d | � n d j | � f | f S( Nt inlinet
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guess_typeR ( R R! R RG R� R� R* ( ( sB /opt/alt/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/paste/httpheaders.pyR" U s N( R R R RT R� R R" ( ( ( sB /opt/alt/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/paste/httpheaders.pyR� s " s Content-Dispositions RFC 2183t _IfModifiedSincec B s& e Z d Z d Z d � Z d � Z RS( s3
If-Modified-Since, RFC 2616 section 14.25
s 1.0c O s# t j | | | � j d d � d S( s�
Split the value on ';' incase the header includes extra attributes. E.g.
IE 6 is known to send:
If-Modified-Since: Sun, 25 Jun 2006 20:36:35 GMT; length=1506
t ;i i ( Rs R R[ ( R R R ( ( sB /opt/alt/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/paste/httpheaders.pyR h s c O sD t j | | | � } | r@ | t � k r@ t d | j � � n | S( Nsr Please check your system clock.
According to this server, the time provided in the
%s header is in the future.
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Range, RFC 2616 14.35 (use ``RANGE``)
According to section 14.16, the response to this message should be a
206 Partial Content and that if multiple non-overlapping byte ranges
are requested (it is an error to request multiple overlapping
ranges) the result should be sent as multipart/byteranges mimetype.
The server should respond with '416 Requested Range Not Satisfiable'
if the requested ranges are out-of-bounds. The specification also
indicates that a syntax error in the Range request should result in
the header being ignored rather than a '400 Bad Request'.
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Accept-Language, RFC 2616 section 14.4
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Return a list of language tags sorted by their "q" values. For example,
"en-us,en;q=0.5" should return ``["en-us", "en"]``. If there is no
``Accept-Language`` header present, default to ``[]``.
RZ R� i i R� t qc S s t | d | d � S( Ni ( Rc ( Rd Re ( ( sB /opt/alt/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/paste/httpheaders.pyt <lambda>� s N( R RT R[ RM R8 t floatRE Rk ( R R R RH RY t langst qst langt piecest paramsR� t paramt lvaluet rvalue( ( sB /opt/alt/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/paste/httpheaders.pyR � s( (
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Accept-Ranges, RFC 2616 section 14.5
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Content-Ranges RFC 2616, 14.6t _Authorizationc B s, e Z d Z d d d d d d d d � Z RS( s2
Authorization, RFC 2617 (RFC 2616, 14.8)
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Authorizations RFC 2617t Accepts 1.1s multi-values RFC 2616, 14.1s Accept-Charsets RFC 2616, 14.2s Accept-Encodings RFC 2616, 14.3t Aget singulart Allows 1.0s RFC 2616, 14.7t Cookies RFC 2109/Netscapet
Connections RFC 2616, 14.10s Content-Encodings RFC 2616, 14.11s Content-Languages RFC 2616, 14.12s Content-Locations RFC 2616, 14.14s Content-MD5s RFC 2616, 14.15t Dates date-headers RFC 2616, 14.18t ETags RFC 2616, 14.19t Expects RFC 2616, 14.20t Expiress RFC 2616, 14.21t Froms RFC 2616, 14.22t Hosts RFC 2616, 14.23s If-Matchs RFC 2616, 14.24s
If-None-Matchs RFC 2616, 14.26s If-Ranges RFC 2616, 14.27s If-Unmodified-Sinces RFC 2616, 14.28s
Last-Modifieds RFC 2616, 14.29t Locations RFC 2616, 14.30s Max-Forwardss RFC 2616, 14.31t Pragmas RFC 2616, 14.32s Proxy-Authenticates RFC 2616, 14.33s Proxy-Authorizations RFC 2616, 14.34t Referers RFC 2616, 14.36s Retry-Afters RFC 2616, 14.37t Servers RFC 2616, 14.38s
Set-Cookies multi-entryt TEs RFC 2616, 14.39t Trailers RFC 2616, 14.40s Transfer-Encodings RFC 2616, 14.41t Upgrades RFC 2616, 14.42s
User-Agents RFC 2616, 14.43t Varys RFC 2616, 14.44t Vias RFC 2616, 14.45t Warnings RFC 2616, 14.46s WWW-Authenticates RFC 2616, 14.47R) R* (@ R R� R� t ret rfc822R R R R Rt t httpexceptionsR t __all__R4 R R R R R R R t globalsR| t _namet _objR3 RE R7 R1 R RU RV R\ RP R RT R R Rs Ry R� R� R� R� R� R� R� R� R� R- R/ R5 t stylet commentt klassRJ Rb R< R; t headnamet localst
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